List of sustainable development indicators as per Agenda 21

Core Set of Indicators for Sustainable Development

Category	Chapters of Agenda 21	Driving Force Indicators	State Indicators	Response Indicators
Economics	Chapter 2: International cooperation	o Real GDP per capita o growth rate (%) o Exports of goods and services (US$) o Imports of goods and services (US$)	o GDP per capita (US$) o EDP per capita/ environmentally adjusted value added (US$) o Share of manufacturing valued added in GDP (%) o Export concentration ratio (%)	o Investment share in GDP (%)
	Chapter 4: Consumption and production patterns (1)	o Depletion of mineral resources (% of proven reserves) o Annual energy consumption per capita (J)	o Proven mineral reserves (t) o Proven energy reserves (oil equivalents) o Lifetime of proven energy reserves (years)	o Ratio of consumption of renewable sources over non-renewable resources (%)
	Chapter 33: Financial resources and mechanisms		o Total ODA given or received as percentage of GDP (%)	o Environment protection expenditure as % of GDP o Environment taxes and subsidies as % of government revenue o Amount of new or additional funding for sustainable development given/received since 1992 (US$) o Programme of integrated environment and economic accounting (yes/no)
	Chapter 34: Transfer of technology
Social	Chapter 3: Poverty	o Unemployment rate (%)	o Population living in absolute poverty (no and %)
	Chapter 5: Demographic dynamics and sustainability	o Total fertility rate o Population growth rate (%) o Population density (persons/km²) o Net migration rate (persons/year)
	Chapter 36: Promoting education, public awareness and training (including gender issues)		o Adult literacy rate (%) o Primary school enrolment ratio (%) o Secondary school enrolment ratio (%) o Population reaching grade 5 of primary education (%) o Expected years of schooling	o % of GDP spent on education o Females per 100 males in secondary school (no) o percentage of women in civil service (%) o Women per 100 men in the labour force (%)
	Chapter 6 (2): Protecting and promoting human health	o % of people without access to safe drinking water o Pesticide residue in fish (mg/kg) o % of urban population exposed to concentrations of SO2, particulates, ozone, CO and Pb o Calorie supply per capita (calories/day) o Concentration of coliforms and pesticides in drinking water (mg/1)	o Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 births) o Life expectancy at birth (years) o Incidence of environmentally related diseases (no)	% GDP spent on health
	CG Chapter 7 (3): Human settlements (including traffic and transport)	o Rate of growth of urban population (%) o Motor vehicles in use (no) o Number of megacities (10 mill. or more)	o % of population in urban areas o Area and population of marginal settlements (km², no) o Cost/number of injuries and fatalities related to natural diasters 4 o Floor area per person (m²) o % of population with sanitary services	o Expenditure on low-cost housing (US$) o Expenditure on public transportation (US$) o Infrastructure expenditures per capita (US$)
Institutional	Chapter 35: Science
	Chapter 37: Capacity-building
	Chapter 8, 38, 39, 40: Decision-making structures		o Mandated EIA (yes/no) o Programmes for national environmental statistics and indicators for sustainable development (yes/no) o Sustainable development strategies (yes/no) o National councils for sustainable development (yes/no) o Main telephone lines per 100 inhabitants (no)	o Ratification of international agreements related to sustainable development (no)
	Strengthening of "traditional information" (part of ch. 40)		o Representatives of indigenous people in national councils for sustainable development (yes/no) o Existence of database for traditional knowledge information (yes/no)
	Chapter 23-32: Role of major groups		o Representatives of major groups in national councils for sustainable development (yes/no)
Environmental
Water	Chapter 18: Freshwater resources	o Annual withdrawals of ground and surface water as % of available water o Industrial/ municipal discharges into freshwater bodies (t/m3) o Household consumption of water per capita (m3)	o Groundwater reserves (m3) o Concentration of lead, cadmium, mercury and pesticides in freshwater bodies (mg/l) o Concentration of faecal coliform in freshwater bodies (no/100 ml) o Acidification of freshwater bodies (pH value) o BOD and COD in water bodies (mg/l)	o Waste water treatment (% of population served, total and by type of treatment)
	Chapter 17 (5): Protection of the oceans, all kinds of seas and coastal areas	o Catches of marine species (t)	o Deviation in stock of marine species from maximum sustained yield (MSY) level (%) o Ratio between MSY abundance and actual average abundance (%) o Loading of N and P in coastal waters (t) o Algae index
Land (6)	Chapter 10: Planning and management of land resources	o Land use change (km²)	o Area affected by soil erosion (km²)/erosion index	o Protected area as % of total land area
	Chapter 12: Combatting desertification and drought	o Fuelwood consumption per capita (m3) o Livestock per km² of arid and semi-arid lands	o Land affected by desertification (km²)/ desertification index
	Chapter 13: Sustainable mountain development
	Chapter 14: Promoting sustainable agriculture and rural development	o Use of fertilizers (t/km²) o Use of agricultural pesticides (t/km²) o Arable land per capita (ha/capita)	o Area affected by salinisation and waterlogging (km²)	o Cost of extension services provided (US$) o Area of land reclaimed (km²)
Other natural resources	Chapter 11: Combatting deforestation (7)	o Deforestation rate (km²/annum) o Annual roundwood production (m³)	o Change in biomass (%) o Timber stocks (m³) o Forest area (km²)	o Reforestation rate (km²/annum)
	Chapter 15: Conservation of biological diversity	o Rate of extinction of protected species (%)	o Threatened, extinct species (no)	o Protected area as % of total land area
	Chapter 16: Biotechnology
Atmosphere	Chapter 9: Protection of the atmosphere	o Emissions of CO2 (t) o Emissions of SOx and NOx (t) o Production of ozone destroying substances (t)	Ambient concentrations of SO2, CO2, NOx and O3 in urban area (ppm)	o Expenditure on air pollution abatement (US$) o Reduction in the consumption of ozone destroying substances (% per year) o Reductions in the emissions of CO2, SOx and NOx (% per year)
Waste	Chapter 21: Solid wastes and sewage-related issues	o Waste disposed (t) o Generation of industrial and municipal waste (t)		o Expenditure on waste collection and treatment (US$) o Waste recycling rates (%) o Municipal waste disposal (t/capita) o Waste reduction rates per unit of GDP (t/year)
	Chapter 19, 20, 22: Toxic chemicals and hazardous wastes	o Generation of hazardous waste (t)	o Area of land contaminated by toxic waste (km²)

Notes to Table 1


1. Production and consumption patterns are also reflected in particular by the following indicators:
o Share of manufacturing value added in GDP (under economic)
o Export concentration ratio (under economic)
o Ratio of consumption of renewable resources over non-renewable resources
(under economic)
o Motor vehicles in use (under social)
o Household consumption of water per capita (under environmental, water)
o Fuelwood consumption per capita (under environmental, land)
o Production of ozone destroying substances (under environmental, atmosphere)
o Reduction in the consumption of ozone destroying substances (under environmental atmosphere)

2. Consultations with WHO are ongoing.

3. Consultations with HABITAT are ongoing.

4. Following the SIDS Programme of Action, indicators of vulnerability are to be developed.

5. Consultations with FAO are ongoing.

6. Consultations with FAO are ongoing for these chapters (10, 12, 13, 14).

7. Consultations with FAO are ongoing.

Source:
1.Indicators of Sustainable Development Author: Adam Mannis, University of Ulster